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GRAMALOTE

# Gramalote Article Discussion Read Edit View history Tools Appearance hide Anniversary Mode (Baby Balloon) Disabled Enabled More information about Anniversary Mode Text Small Standard Large Width Standard Wide Color (beta) Automatic Light Dark Coordinates: 7°54′56″N 72°47′13″W (map) Gramalote Municipality View of the new Gramalote (top) and image of the ruins of old Gramalote (bottom). Flag Coat of arms Gramalote located in ColombiaGramaloteGramalote Location of Gramalote in Colombia Location in Norte de Santander Coordinates 7°54′56″N 72°47′13″W Entity Municipality • Country Flag of Colombia Colombia • Department Norte de Santander • Subregion Central Mayor Cristopher Vargas Riveros (2020-2023) Historical events • Foundation November 27, 1857[1] • Erection October 7, 1864[1] • Name Caldederos (1857-1864) Galindo (1864 to 1883) Gramalote (1883-Present) Area • Total 151 km²[1] Altitude • Mean 150p m a.s.l. Population (2025) • Total 8,399 inhab.[2] • Density 55.62 inhab./km² • Urban 2,929 inhab. Demonym Gramalotero, -a Time zone UTC -5 Official website [edit data on Wikidata]

 

Gramalote is a Colombian municipality located in the department of Norte de Santander. Founded twice, the first time on November 27, 1857,[3] and the second in 1883 less than one kilometer south of the first foundation. Its average temperature is 23 °C and its altitude is 1,500 m a.s.l. It has a population of 5,928 inhabitants (estimated for 2010),[4] of which about 2,871 lived in the urban area until the time of its destruction as a consequence of the telluric movement of the geological fault on which it was located, a product of the strong winter season that occurred at the end of 2010. On April 16, 2012, the Work Table for the Reconstruction of Gramalote was created, integrated by the Adaptation Fund and local authorities. On December 20, 2016, 65% of the New Gramalote was officially delivered, in the presence of President Juan Manuel Santos.

## Toponymy

Possibly the name of this municipality comes from "gramínea" (grass), a plant very well known in the area, and over time it evolved to "Gramalote".

## Communication Routes

The municipality is located 45 kilometers from the city of Cúcuta. This leaves it about an hour from the departmental capital. From the urban area two other roads branch out, one that was inaugurated on July 2, 1938, heading north and connecting it with Lourdes. Another that from its southern part takes the direction westward toward Carmen de Nazareth and Villa Caro.

## Political-Administrative Organization

Apart from its Municipal Headquarters: New Gramalote. Gramalote has under its jurisdiction the following Population Centers:
- La Estrella
- La Loma: formerly a neighborhood. Today part of the "Ruins of old Gramalote" sector.
- Pomarroso

Additionally, it has under its jurisdiction the following villages:
Ruins of Gramalote, San Jorge, San José, Zumbador, Santa Bárbara, Boyacá, Violetas, La Garza, Villanueva, Ricaurte, Fátima, Cedral, San Isidro, Mirador, Triunfo, Jácome, Santa Anita, Rosario, Mongui, Piedecuesta, Silencio, Santa Teresita, Teherán, Valderrama and Miraflores.

## Geography

### Climate

The average temperature of the municipality is 23 °C. It extends from 600 m a.s.l. in the Peralonso to 3,290 m a.s.l. in the Espartillo hill with average precipitation of 1,750 mm annually distributed in a bimodal manner.

### Relief

 

Gramalote is nestled in the interdigitations of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes, which is why its relief is mountainous slope, strongly broken and escarped; in certain points it presents attractive rocky sectors. In the middle part of the mountain slope the coffee belt is attached. The urban area is located 49 kilometers from Cúcuta. The municipality covers an area of 151 square kilometers and borders the municipalities of Santiago and El Zulia to the east, with Sardinata and Lourdes to the north and west, Villa Caro to the west and Salazar de Las Palmas to the south, from which it is separated by the Peralonso river. Its altitude is 1,040 m a.s.l. (the urban area until 2010).

### Hydrography

The municipality of Gramalote is crossed by two streams that are tributaries of the Peralonso river. The first of these is La Calderera, which in turn has six streams that are its tributaries and that flow into said river. The second of these streams is La Cárdenas. The Peralonso river also marks the limit between the municipalities of Gramalote and Salazar.

## History

### 19th Century

View of Gramalote from the cemetery in the 1930s. View of the then plaza. The fountain sculpture was restored and placed in the park in the 1990s.

#### Colonization of the region

At the time of the foundation of Gramalote it was part of the then Federal State of Santander. The colonization of this region began by inhabitants of the large agglomerations existing at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries: Cúcuta, Pamplona, Salazar de Las Palmas and Ocaña mainly. The first colonists began to make their presence felt at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, attracted mainly by the expectations of agricultural and livestock potential, dedicating themselves to working the land. All this process in the Gramalote region developed without any urban settlement until the year 1857.

#### Foundation of Caldederos

Seeking to establish a point of commercial exchange and concentration for the numerous colonists already installed and thus facilitate commerce, education, religious or health services, Don Gregorio Montes establishes the foundation of the first population center on November 27, 1857 under the name of Caldederos. It is the founder who donates land from his property for the construction of the first oratory and the village. At first the nascent village of Caldederos was part of the municipality of Salazar de Las Palmas. The first name, Caldederos, was given simply because of the nearest river, the Caldera stream. Among the first families implanted we can mention the Angarita, Anto, Ayala, Ballesteros, Berrío, Belfini, Berti, Botello, Bruno, Buono, Bayona, Cárdenas, Castellanos, Delfino, Escalante, Galvis, Gómez, Guerrero, Gutiérrez, Hernández, Ibarra, Jacome, Lázaro, Luzardo, Madariaga, Mantilla, Molina, Montez, Ordóñez, Ortega, Palacios, Pascual, Peñaranda, Rojas, Rolón, Romero, Sánchez, Valderrama, Vermont and Yáñez.

#### First name change: Galindo

 

On October 7, 1864 the village becomes a district; bearing the name of Galindo by act of the Assembly of the Sovereign State of Santander. This political act was completely contrary to the will of the Caldereños, since said name was attributed in memory of the liberal General Teodoro Galindo, who during one of the civil wars that scourged the country in the 19th century, tried to take the municipality and was killed in front of the resistance of the population in Los Curos, on the road to Salazar. The population used the new name only in official written acts; otherwise, it continued to be called "Caldederos" and its inhabitants Caldereños. On January 1, 1865, Galindo becomes a municipality, having as mayor Don Abelardo Madariaga and as judge Don Timoteo Rolón.

#### First relocation of the municipal headquarters

Since 1870 the relocation of the town begins to be considered, considering that the previous location was in a topography that was too steep and meager, which therefore was little suitable for the future development of the municipality. The opinions of the inhabitants were divergent about the need for displacement and the alternatives for this. But from the beginning the current position was the one that had the most support. After the Cúcuta earthquake of May 18, 1875, which surely left consequences in Gramalote, the definitive decision of the relocation is taken, which is discussed between 1880 and 1883. Finally, by initiative of the priest Domiciano Antonio Valderrama the transfer of the municipal headquarters is decided and concretized. To motivate the last recalcitrants to the relocation the bishop of New Pamplona is forced to authorize the desacralization and destruction of the oratory of the Jeringa street and the creation of the new temple in its known location until December 2010. Then begins the creation of the new Galindo in the place where it would be destroyed at the end of 2010. Mainly the construction of the church, dedicated, like the preceding oratory, to the Archangel Rafael. Perhaps the boom of the municipality in its first location made one expect that the rhythm of growth would continue to increase, which can explain the considerable dimensions that both the church and the hospital and the school had.

#### Vestiges of Caldederos

Few are the traces that allow remembering the existence of the ancient Caldederos, which the inhabitants still call "Pueblo Viejo" (Old Town). The persistence of some settlers in not leaving the first settlement led to the decision of the Bishop of Pamplona to demolish the first oratory and thus motivate the recalcitrant settlers to move to the new location. Of Caldedero only persist, in Pueblo Viejo, the ruins that border what was the central road, called "calle de la Jeringa". On the left side, those of the ancient oratory and further ahead those of some houses. These vestiges, still visible, are ignored by the majority of the gramaloteros. Other traces of that first period are, in the rural sector, the haciendas located in the villages of Teherán, Rosario, Valderrama, Jácome, Miraflores, Villanueva, Boyacá and Zumbador, of which certain houses of the time still persist.

#### Second name change: Gramalote

With the publication of the Colombian political constitution of 1886, the attributions of the administrative pyramid of the Nation are reviewed and this allows the inhabitants of the municipalities to change the name of the same by their own initiative. Thus, five years after finding its new location, in 1888, the opportunity to erase the for them ignominious name of "Galindo" is not missed and the name of Gramalote is chosen, which perhaps comes from the grass plant present in the area and that was the main livestock forage available. On the other hand, also from the end of the 19th century dates the implantation of coffee in the agriculture of this region of the country. Implantation that imposed itself as the main source of resources.

### Gramalote in the Thousand Days' War and 20th Century

#### Gramalote in dates

| Year | Event |
|------|-------|
| 1857 | Foundation of Caldederos. |
| 1864 | It becomes a district and receives the name of "Galindo". |
| 1865 | Galindo becomes a municipality. |
| 1866 | Start of the functioning of the parish of San Rafael. |
| 1875 | Earthquake of Cúcuta, with consequences also in the municipality. |
| 1883 | Transfer of the urban area to the location occupied until December 2010. |
| 1888 | The name of Galindo is changed to Gramalote. |
| 1899 | Battle of Peralonso, at the bridge of La Laja, Santiago. |
| 1910 | Creation of the department of Norte de Santander. |
| 1957 | Reconstruction of the church towers. |
| 2010 | Total destruction of the second urban area, product of a geological fault. |
| 2016 | On December 20, 2016 the new municipal headquarters is inaugurated at the site of Miraflores. |

 

Without a doubt the event that marks the change of century in Colombia is the Thousand Days' War, which involved the entire central part of the department as the setting for one of its great battles, that of Peralonso. In this the liberal side, insurgent, confronted the conservatives, in the government. The first had the support of the government of Venezuela and for this reason said side needed to approach Cúcuta and the border zone, dominated by the conservatives, to facilitate the passage of men and weapons from Venezuela to their cause. The liberal army arrived through what is today the Santander department in the direction of Cúcuta. The population of the region ended up taking part, first ideologically and then, inevitably, also by arms, mainly on the side of the conservative side. Many gramaloteros left their lives in one of the two great battles of that war, the Battle of Peralonso, which took place at the Bridge of La Laja on December 15 and 16, 1889, in the jurisdiction of the municipality of Santiago. This battle left the liberals victorious, at the head of which was Rafael Uribe Uribe, known later as "The hero of Peralonso" against a conservative army divided between nationalists and historics. Documents left by the government army show that the liberal victory at Peralonso was not due to combat capacity but because its commander, Vicente Villamizar, had orders to let the liberal army pass to prolong the war and use this as an excuse to issue more forced currency paper money. This battle faced about 8,000 liberal soldiers against 5,000 conservatives and in total about 3,000 from both sides perished. After the battle of Peralonso, the conflict moves first towards Cúcuta; where numerous gramaloteros took part in the revenge of the governing conservatives in the defense of said city with the known as Gramalote Battalion; thus participating in the governing victory in said battle. After this the battlefront passes to the then Colombian department of Panama and knows its end in 1902 with the treaty of Wisconsin.

### 20th Century

After the war, with the foundation of the municipality of Lourdes in 1905 and the opening of the road to that municipality on July 2, 1938, commerce in this area of the department is facilitated. Later with the layout of the road from Cúcuta towards the Caribbean coast through Ocaña (in the 1950s), the locality knows during some years a certain boom for being a passage of travelers and merchants in both directions. The loss of importance of this route in the sixties was decisive in the stagnation of the municipality, which experiences a new reactivation in the seventies with the road to Carmen de Nazaret, corregimiento of the municipality of Salazar and to the subsequent road link with the municipality of Villacaro. The bureaucratic forgetfulness of the central administration caused that the expansion and paving of the road to Cúcuta was delayed until the 90s, marking a delay in the development of the economy, not only of the municipality but of the region. In 1910 the department of Santander was divided into two parts, thus creating in its northern part a new department; that of Norte de Santander, in which the municipality of Gramalote is found. At the end of the 19th century two female religious congregations are installed in the municipality; which provide what for a long time would be its only source of health and education. First the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, who found and build the hospital of the same name and later the community of the Bethlehem Sisters, who under the direction of mother Encarnación found and build the Sagrado Corazón de Jesús school. Both had an importance that allowed them to be a health and education center not only of the municipality but of the region. The school persisted until the destruction of the old municipal headquarters, with great vitality and thanks to the help of the state, but managed by the founding community. The hospital for its part, statized first, conserved with authorization of the state entities the presence of the religious community, but later was deprived of this. From this moment, it began to be managed as an element of bureaucracy and not as an element of health, beginning a clear decline that allowed it until 2010 to barely function satisfying the needs of the municipality and with a partial occupation of the building. In the 1930s two new schools are founded, the first of secondary and state education, the Simón Bolívar School, and the second also state but destined to agricultural vocational education, the Vocational School. This last one continues standing and in operation. Finally in the 1990s the monastery of cloister of the Clarisse sisters is installed.

### 21st Century

#### Destruction of the second urban area

In December 2010 Gramalote suffers a natural catastrophe, product of a strong winter season in Colombia and whose geological causes have not yet been exactly determined. Apparently, the geological fault on which the municipal headquarters was located, accentuated its movement in part due to the destabilization of the terrain produced by the rains. This movement originated the landslide of one of the hills of the western part; which covered several houses. The same telluric movement of the fault also affected the foundations of the constructions from December 16, which caused that most of the constructions were totally or partially destroyed. Such phenomenon was prolonged and destroyed almost completely the urban area, leaving it completely uninhabitable.[5] On December 17, 2010 the authorities gave the order to evacuate all the inhabitants.[6] During the rescue, the municipal and parish archives were recovered and put in safety, in the same way the sacred elements of the temple and other objects of value for the whole community were rescued. On December 19 the departmental authorities estimated that 40% of the municipality had been destroyed. The eventual reconstruction or re-displacement is evoked immediately. On December 22 the government of president Juan Manuel Santos announced that the population of Gramalote would be relocated.[7] The podcast Ecos de Resiliencia: Terremoto en Gramalote documents testimonies of the process.

#### Gallery of the natural catastrophe

18.12.2010. Aerial view of the municipality.
18.12.2010. Aerial view of the municipality.
18.12.2010. Aerial view of the municipality.
18.12.2010. Aerial view of the municipality.
18.12.2010. Aerial view of the municipality.
18.12.2010. Aerial view of the municipality.
18.12.2010. View from the atrium.
18.12.2010. View from the atrium.
18.12.2010. Houses collapsing in domino effect.
18.12.2010. Houses collapsing in domino effect.
18.12.2010. First cracks in the school chapel.
18.12.2010. First cracks in the school chapel.
22.12.2010. Ruins of the school chapel.
22.12.2010. Ruins of the school chapel.
18.12.2010. First cracks in the church.
18.12.2010. First cracks in the church.
19.12.2010. Accentuation in the cracks of the church.
19.12.2010. Accentuation in the cracks of the church.
19.12.2010. Accentuation in the cracks of the church.
19.12.2010. Accentuation in the cracks of the church.
19.12.2010. Accentuation in the cracks of the church.
19.12.2010. Accentuation in the cracks of the church.
22.12.2010. Ruins of the church of San Rafael.
22.12.2010. Ruins of the church of San Rafael.

#### New Gramalote

On December 20, 2016 the president of the Republic Juan Manuel Santos makes official delivery of the first constructions that form the urban area of the new municipal headquarters of the Municipality of Gramalote, located in the then village Miraflores 20 minutes from the old population center or "ruins of Gramalote", destroyed in the year 2010 by natural causes. The creation of the New Gramalote was decided by departmental ordinance 002 of February 27, 2014. In December 2016 were delivered: the market square, the main square and the Municipal Administrative Center (CAM), where the headquarters of the Mayor's Office, the Council, the Court, the Notary, the Registry, the Ombudsman and the Employment Agency of Sena were located, and likewise the drinking water and wastewater treatment plants were delivered, the windmill to reuse well water, and 260 finished houses.

## Economy

### Economy of Gramalote

The municipality bases its economy on the commercial exchange of agricultural producers, coffee, sugarcane for panela, banana, citrus fruits, fruit trees and livestock resources. Regarding temporary crops, the cultivation of beans is important. The exploitation of cattle pastures occupies more than 50% of the municipal territory. Bee honey and other beekeeping products are other sources of resources for the population. The income of the municipality's economy is distributed as follows:

- Coffee 50.54%
- Livestock 32.49%
- Panela 7.22%
- Bean 4.33%
- Plantain 2.17%
- Citrus 1.08%
- Other fruits and vegetables 2.17%

The main formal employer is the State, through the different institutions that provide their services in the municipality: Municipal Administration, Judicial Power, Health Sector and Police, Financial institutions and the educational sector, which generate a total of approximately 230 jobs.

## Festivities

Catholic religiosity marks the character of the festivities of this municipality as in most Colombian towns. For this reason it is the Catholic calendar that marks the rhythm of the festivities, some fixed (Christmas, Assumption, Virgin of Monguí) and others mobile (Holy Week, Ascension, Pentecost).

### Holy Week

Feast of San Isidro in the atrium of the church during the 1940s. The acts of Holy Week begin from the Friday of Sorrows, Palm Sunday and conclude on Easter Sunday. The dates correspond to the Catholic Calendar. It consists of Holy Mass, processions, via crucis and representations. The brotherhood of Nazarenes went through the streets where the different steps passed and then carried on carefully arranged platforms the different steps that remember the life, Passion, death and resurrection of Our Lord Jesus Christ. These acts have the participation of the majority of the population, both from the urban and rural areas.

### Feast of the Patron Saint. Our Lady of Monguí

It takes place to celebrate the foundation of the municipality, the feast to the Virgin of Mongui as patron and protector of the gramaloteros was established by municipal decree. The festivity has eucharistic celebrations, livestock exhibitions and others and has the participation of numerous people originating from the municipality who converged in Gramalote for this festivity.

#### History of the image

The origins of the tradition of the Virgin of Mongui go back to the king-emperor Charles I of Spain, who after his abdication in 1555 retired to the Monastery of Yuste in the Spanish province of Cáceres to prepare for death, withdrawn from power after his abdication in his son Philip II. There he devoted himself to painting images of the Virgin Mary under various Spanish advocations and dressed according to the costumes corresponding to each one of them. These images he sent to the Churches of the New World to propagate the devotion to the Mother of God. A copy of the original, painted by the emperor was brought from Spain to Pamplona by the Bishop Boyacense José Luis Niño, who around 1861 offered it as a gift when giving the priestly ordination to Secundino Jacome, natural son of Simón Bolívar. It was this last one, named to found the parish of Gramalote, who contributed it to the municipality. The image adorned the door of the tabernacle that was in the left nave of the church and that before was in the altarpiece of the main altar. At the time of the destruction of the church in December 2010, the image was rescued. This representation shows the Virgin of the Rosary and tries to unite the mysteries of the Rosary with those of Christmas. The Holy Family is represented in preparation for their flight to Egypt and the Virgin already shows the rosary, in an anachronistic way, since this Catholic tradition only developed from the 8th century. The Virgin, crowned, is dressed like the Extremaduran peasant women with a showy scarlet dress, a blue mantle and adorned on the chest with a brooch that reproduces the arms of the family of Charles I, the two-headed eagle of the Habsburg house. The Virgin, seated; wraps in swaddling clothes the Child Jesus, also crowned, for the journey through the desert; on the way to Egypt. To Saint Joseph the emperor accommodated a hat of Andalusian style and a winter poncho.

### Christmas Bonus (Aguinaldo Navideño)

Date: December 16 to 24. By tradition it is carried out to give joy, color, rejoicing and religiosity to the arrival of Christmas. These are festivities that alternate the religious character with the festive. It consisted of parades of floats, bands, comparsas, disguised people, fireworks. During the days of the novena that precedes the Nativity of the Lord; the activities began at four in the morning, with the mass of aguinaldos, after it; using as stands the parish atrium; activities such as contests and competitions of tradition were carried out. At noon a comparsa organized by a sector of the municipality and two or three villages paraded through the streets preceded by music bands. At six in the afternoon the Holy Mass was held and subsequently processions of lanterns to hermitages that represent the biblical passages allusive to Christmas. In the night hours acts related to the theme of the comparsa are carried out. On December 24 the parade was held with the totality of the comparsas presented during the novena, the parade goes through the streets of the population to finally concentrate in the central park where it chooses the best of them.

## Ancient church of San Rafael Arcángel

To which the inhabitants surrendered with their participation and their donations, from the most humble to the most wealthy. The works began in 1883 and finished with the main dome in 1939. A few years later the reconstruction of the towers begins. The church was only finished in 1957 to commemorate the first centenary of the foundation. The plan of the temple, in the form of a Latin cross, presented three naves separated by columns of Corinthian order, with capitals composed of golden acanthus leaves. The naves had five intercolumniations, in each one of them, the loads of the vaults and of the cover were redistributed by semicircular arches and each nave was covered with ogival vaults, in whose crossing there were keystone. The start of the vaults was marked by the cornices corresponding to the Corinthian order. The crossing of the transept was covered by a dome of octagonal base: this illuminated the interior space by a lantern crowned on the exterior by a cross and a crown in wrought iron, referring to Christ the King. The tympanums of the main dome reproduced paintings of biblical scenes. The octagonal drum of the dome presented in its exterior part a pediment on four of its eight facets. Until 1938, the crossing of the transept was not covered by a dome, but by a two-sloped cover elevated with respect to the cover of the nave. The stained glass windows of the main altar for their part, were delicate representations of the four archangels. The lateral naves were decorated with stained glass windows, the lateral chapels of each nave were also decorated with stained glass windows and religious images that were donated to the parish by diverse families throughout the construction. Behind the dome was the great apse, which together with the walls were the oldest parts of the building. The facade, composed of two levels, had three entrances, corresponding to each nave, with classical porticos supported by columns of Doric order; the central portico had its narthex in the same style and was supported by four columns. In the second level of its central part it presented a rose window in stained glass superimposed by a pediment crowned by a sculpture of the Archangel Rafael. The facade had two towers that corresponded to the lateral naves, the towers of three levels; were of rectangular base in the first two and of octagonal base in the third, this last one housed the bells. The towers were finished each one of them in a dome also of octagonal base; and these in turn were culminated by lanterns composed of columns that supported caps, in turn finished by wrought iron crosses. The church also had; a beautiful altarpiece in its main altar and a pulpit, both in carved wood, which were dismantled at the beginning of the 70s of the 20th century, after the dispositions, misunderstood, of the Second Vatican Council, as happened in the great part of the Catholic world. Said dispositions asked for aesthetic austerity to the Catholic temples, but that requirement was directed to those that would be built from now on, not to those already built. In this way the testimonies of the wood carving of the end of the 19th century disappeared almost completely, not only in Gramalote but in many regions of the world. Thus, the apse remained, until the destruction in 2010, uncovered. The altarpiece of the main altar of the school chapel knew the same iconoclastic fate. The main dome was finished building around 1940, after which the towers were reconstructed in the state visible in its current ruins, to be more in accordance with the architecture of the dome. These three new elements were ready to commemorate the first centenary of the foundation in 1957. This last stage of construction of the temple counted with the initiative of father Samuel Jaimes and gave to the whole its aspect that it would know until 2010, with a much more slender and better proportioned geometry than the preceding one.

### Gallery of images of the church

Facade before the reconstruction of the towers. On a Palm Sunday.
Facade before the reconstruction of the towers. On a Palm Sunday.
Aerial view before the reconstruction of the towers and the construction of the main dome.
Aerial view before the reconstruction of the towers and the construction of the main dome.
1938. Main dome under construction.
1938. Main dome under construction.
Dome already finished
Dome already finished
Old and new facade of the church
Old and new facade of the church
View of the church of San Rafael in 2008
View of the church of San Rafael in 2008
View of the church during the reconstruction of the facade.
View of the church during the reconstruction of the facade.
View of the church in 2010.
View of the church in 2010.

## Other Gramalotes

The city of Villavicencio also received the name of Gramalote at the time of its foundation in 1840(?) and until 1850.

## See also

- List of municipalities of Norte de Santander
- Armero
- Tacamocho
- Huaico

## References

1. "General information of Gramalote". Municipality Mayor's Office. Consulted on May 1, 2015.
2. "Census 2018 - Population adjusted for coverage". DANE. Consulted on March 1, 2025.
3. Official page of the municipality (ed.). "History of Gramalote". Consulted on December 20, 2010.
4. Error in citation: Invalid tag; the content of the references called DANE has not been defined
5. Caracol Radio, ed. (December 18, 2010). "Gramalote will probably disappear in a few hours: MinInterior". Consulted on December 20, 2010.
6. El Universal (Venezuela), ed. (December 18, 2010). "4,000 people evacuated for possible landslide in Colombia". Consulted on December 20, 2010. (broken link available in Internet Archive; see history, first version and last).
7. La Opinión (December 19, 2010). "Santos offers support for relocation". Consulted on December 20, 2010.

## External links

- Ecos de Resiliencia: Earthquake in Gramalote

## Authority control

**Wikimedia projects**
- Data: Q1576677
- Commons category: Gramalote / Q1576677
- OpenStreetMap: 11893635

**Category:** Gramalote

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